Tópico 68 de Base · B1
Obrigação: must e have to
Modals of obligation: must / have to
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Este tópico usa o que você estudou em:
Você já usa have to desde a etapa 2. Agora compare essa obrigação do dia a dia com must em regras e avisos, diferencie must not (é proibido) de don’t have to (não precisa) e use had to, will have to e have had to em outros tempos.
Regras
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- Revisão da etapa 2: have to + base = ter que. Não é modal de verdade: muda com a pessoa (he has to) e faz negativa e pergunta com do/does/did.
- Must + base = obrigação forte ou regra. Mesma forma para todas as pessoas, sem do. Comum em regras, contratos e avisos escritos.
- Must not = é proibido. Don’t have to = não é obrigatório, não precisa. No inglês americano a contração mustn’t é rara: em regras escritas, prefira must not; na fala, a proibição costuma ser can’t: You can’t share your password. You don’t have to come to the office on Fridays.
- Perguntas com must (Must I...?) soam formais e antiquadas. O americano pergunta Do I have to...?
- Must não tem formas flexionadas próprias de passado e futuro. Para obrigação no passado, use had to; depois de will, use have to: We will have to wait. Must também pode indicar obrigação futura: You must call tomorrow (Você tem que ligar amanhã). No present perfect, use have had to.
- Informal americano: have got to e gotta. I’ve got to go. I gotta go. Gotta só na fala ou no chat muito informal, nunca em e-mail.
- Must também indica uma dedução forte sobre o presente: You must be Daniel. You must be tired after the trip.
| Pessoa | Afirmativa | Negativa | Pergunta |
|---|---|---|---|
| I | I have to go. | I don't have to go. | Do I have to go? |
| you | You have to go. | You don't have to go. | Do you have to go? |
| he | He has to go. | He doesn't have to go. | Does he have to go? |
| she | She has to go. | She doesn't have to go. | Does she have to go? |
| it | It has to be today. | It doesn't have to be today. | Does it have to be today? |
| we | We have to go. | We don't have to go. | Do we have to go? |
| they | They have to go. | They don't have to go. | Do they have to go? |
| Pessoa | Afirmativa | Negativa | Pergunta |
|---|---|---|---|
| I | I must sign it. | I must not sign it. | Must I sign it? |
| you | You must sign it. | You must not sign it. | Must you sign it? |
| he | He must sign it. | He must not sign it. | Must he sign it? |
| she | She must sign it. | She must not sign it. | Must she sign it? |
| it | It must be today. | It must not be late. | Must it be today? |
| we | We must sign it. | We must not sign it. | Must we sign it? |
| they | They must sign it. | They must not sign it. | Must they sign it? |
| Tempo | Afirmativa | Negativa | Pergunta |
|---|---|---|---|
| passado | I had to stay late. | I didn't have to stay late. | Did you have to stay late? |
| will | We'll have to wait. | We won't have to wait. | Will we have to wait? |
| present perfect | She has had to work late. | She hasn't had to work late. | Has she had to work late? |
Exemplos
- We have to send the report by Friday.Temos que enviar o relatório até sexta.
- You don't have to join the call. I'll send you the notes.Você não precisa entrar na ligação. Eu te mando as anotações.
- You can't share client data in the team chat.É proibido compartilhar dados de clientes no chat.
- Does she have to approve every payment?Ela tem que aprovar todo pagamento?
- I had to stay late yesterday.Tive que ficar até tarde ontem.
- Sorry, I've got to go. I have another meeting.Desculpa, preciso ir. Tenho outra reunião.
Erros comuns
- Errado:
You must not come tomorrow. It's a holiday.Certo: You don't have to come tomorrow. It's a holiday.Não precisa = don’t have to. Must not diria que é proibido vir. - Errado:
She have to finish it today.Certo: She has to finish it today.Have to muda na terceira pessoa: has to. - Errado:
I must to go.Certo: I have to go.Depois de must não vem to. E na fala americana, I have to go (ou I gotta go) é o natural. - Errado:
Yesterday I must work late.Certo: Yesterday I had to work late.Must não tem passado. Use had to.
Pratique antes de avançar
- Escreva três regras da sua empresa com must ou must not e três coisas que você não precisa fazer com don’t have to.
- Complete: I ___ (passado) call the bank twice yesterday. ___ he ___ (pergunta) sign the contract? You ___ (não precisa) reply today.
- Diga em voz alta a diferença com um exemplo seu: You must not... / You don’t have to...
Prática extra opcional
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