Tópico 64 de Base · B1
Auxiliares primários: be, do e have
Primary auxiliary verbs: be, do, have
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Este tópico usa o que você estudou em:
Be, do e have têm dois papéis: podem ser o verbo principal (com significado próprio: ser/estar, fazer, ter) ou auxiliares, que só ajudam a montar tempos, negativas e perguntas. Você já usa os três; aqui eles viram um sistema.
Regras
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- Be auxiliar forma os tempos contínuos: am/is/are + -ing (presente) e was/were + -ing (passado).
- Do auxiliar forma negativas e perguntas no presente simples (do/does) e no passado simples (did). O verbo principal volta para a forma base.
- Have auxiliar forma os tempos perfeitos: have/has + particípio (I have finished) e have/has been + -ing (I have been working).
- A negativa e a pergunta usam o primeiro auxiliar: I am not working. Have you been working? No presente ou passado simples de verbos como work, entra do/does/did. A exceção já conhecida é be como verbo principal: I am not busy. Are you busy?
- O mesmo verbo pode aparecer duas vezes, uma como auxiliar e outra como principal: What do you do? Did you do it? I have had a busy week.
- Com have no sentido de ter, o inglês americano pergunta e nega com do: Do you have a minute? I do not have access. Have you got...? é mais britânico.
- Na fala, os auxiliares viram contrações: I'm, don't, didn't, I've. Cuidado: she's pode ser she is (She's working) ou she has (She's finished the report). Observe a construção completa: uma palavra como finished também pode funcionar como adjetivo, então o particípio sozinho não resolve a dúvida.
| Auxiliar | Forma | Tempo | Exemplo |
|---|---|---|---|
| be | am/is/are + -ing | presente contínuo | I am working on it. |
| be | was/were + -ing | passado contínuo | We were talking about it. |
| do | do/does + base | presente simples (neg. e pergunta) | Does she work here? |
| do | did + base | passado simples (neg. e pergunta) | Did you call the client? |
| have | have/has + particípio | present perfect | They have sent the file. |
| have | have/has been + -ing | present perfect contínuo | We have been waiting for an hour. |
| Pessoa | Afirmativa | Negativa | Pergunta |
|---|---|---|---|
| I | I do the reports. | I don't do the reports. | Do I do the reports? |
| you | You do the reports. | You don't do the reports. | Do you do the reports? |
| he | He does the reports. | He doesn't do the reports. | Does he do the reports? |
| she | She does the reports. | She doesn't do the reports. | Does she do the reports? |
| it | It does the job. | It doesn't do the job. | Does it do the job? |
| we | We do the reports. | We don't do the reports. | Do we do the reports? |
| they | They do the reports. | They don't do the reports. | Do they do the reports? |
| Pessoa | Afirmativa | Negativa | Pergunta |
|---|---|---|---|
| I | I have had a busy week. | I haven't had a busy week. | Have I had a busy week? |
| you | You have had a busy week. | You haven't had a busy week. | Have you had a busy week? |
| he | He has had a busy week. | He hasn't had a busy week. | Has he had a busy week? |
| she | She has had a busy week. | She hasn't had a busy week. | Has she had a busy week? |
| it | It has had some problems. | It hasn't had any problems. | Has it had any problems? |
| we | We have had a busy week. | We haven't had a busy week. | Have we had a busy week? |
| they | They have had a busy week. | They haven't had a busy week. | Have they had a busy week? |
Exemplos
- What do you do at a bank?O que você faz em um banco?
- She is talking to a client right now.Ela está falando com um cliente agora.
- Did you do the code review?Você fez a revisão de código?
- We've had three calls with the bank this week.Tivemos três ligações com o banco esta semana.
- Do you have a minute?Você tem um minuto?
- Have you been working on the payments API?Você está trabalhando na API de pagamentos?
Erros comuns
- Errado:
Does she works in Finance?Certo: Does she work in Finance?Com does e did, o verbo principal fica na forma base. O -s já está no does. - Errado:
You are work today?Certo: Are you working today?Be auxiliar pede o verbo com -ing, e na pergunta o be vem antes do sujeito. Para rotina, a pergunta usa do: Do you work today? - Errado:
Have you a minute?Certo: Do you have a minute?No inglês americano, have (ter) faz pergunta com do. Have you a minute? soa antiquado. - Errado:
I have finish the report.Certo: I have finished the report.Have auxiliar pede o particípio, não a forma base.
Pratique antes de avançar
- Escreva três frases sobre o seu dia de trabalho: uma com be + -ing, uma com did e uma com have + particípio. Depois transforme cada uma em pergunta e em negativa.
- Sublinhe o auxiliar e diga qual tempo ele forma: She is reviewing the report. We didn’t call the bank. They have sent the invoice. Does he work on Fridays?
- Responda por escrito: What do you do? What did you do yesterday? What have you done this week?
Prática extra opcional
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